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The fastest path between two points is a straight line, unless everyone follows the same line. Latency vs. Bandwidth vs. Throughput In computer networks, two metrics are critical to determining performance: Bandwidth: the maximum things you can get done at once. Latency: how long each thing takes. It feels obvious to optimize bandwidth. Theoretically, you can get everything done at one time and not worry about how long it takes, but the impact of latency multiplies. ...

Ironically, the best solutions for hard problems often involve taking shots in the dark. Everyone loves control, but the problem is you can’t do everything at once. You can’t count the grains of sand on a beach, because even with the utmost determination, the grains are constantly being moved to and from the beach as you count. But one person could easily use randomness to sample a variety of places on a beach to calculate about how much sand in a fraction of the time. ...

Relax everyone, if you ever feel stuck just… no, that’s all, that’s the answer. If you ever feel stuck, relax. Constraints are often the first thing you should question, not the first thing you should obey. For example, imagine you’re optimizing an event seating chart based on the compatibility of people sitting next to each other. The real question is not “How do we compute the perfect seating chart?” It is “How do we reframe the problem so that we find the best solution for the things we actually care about?” ...

Does nutrition feel too complicated? You start with a simple rule: mostly whole foods, enough protein, not too much junk. Then you keep adding just one more constraint until eating feels like a full-time job. This can be explained using a machine learning concept called overfitting. What’s Overfitting? Overfitting occurs when a machine learning model fits the training data too closely and fails to capture general patterns. It memorizes random noise, so while performance on training data looks great, results on new data suffer. Excessive flexibility makes the model fragile. ...

Predicting the Future Everyone claims they can’t predict the future. But mathematically, we can do better than guessing. The real problem isn’t the lack of predictive tools, it’s that most people never learned to use them. Let’s say we’re trying to predict if it’ll rain tomorrow. Last year, during this same month it rained 5 out of 30 days. A simple way to calculate the probability is by dividing the rainy days by the non-rain days: ...